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Ambassador Jane Marriott |
repeat it.” Yemenis have very good memories and yet the cycles of violence, revenge and power continue. As we saw in the National Dialogue, most Yemenis want peace, stability and basic economic and social rights. The NDC outcomes gave Yemen a plan to get there.
Yet I worry about the repeated cycles of violence. Of actions and reactions. Of the inability of this country to stand back and think about the long term, rather than short-term individual or party gain.
Believe it or not, the United Kingdom has experienced similar cycles in its recent history. The “problem” of Northern Ireland looked intractable but in 1995, a dialogue was opened, leading to full participation of all parties in the political process.
While the Yemen and North Ireland situations are not analogous, the people of Yemen need some form of substantive peace process if the cycle of violence is to be broken and trust is to be restored. The international community can certainly help with this, but the decision to stop the bloodshed, to talk, and to disarm, is one that can only be taken by the individuals, the groups and the parties involved in the fighting. It is their responsibility to help create a different, more peaceful future for Yemen and all its people – who have demanded change. I hope they will step up to the challenge.
Here’s how it happened in Northern Ireland.
A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE NORTHERN IRELAND PEACE PROCESS
BACKGROUND
The problems in Northern Ireland can be traced to its history of population migration and the subsequent unequal distribution of wealth and opportunity. During the civil rights movement of the 1960s a Catholic paramilitary group, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was formed from within the minority Catholic population with the aim of forcing the unification of the North and South Ireland. This political goal was contested by the majority Protestant population. Over the next 30 years the IRA conducted a campaign of terror attacks against Britain and the Protestant community. In response Protestant groups formed their own paramilitary organisations to conduct terror attacks against the Catholics. These military groups were represented by political parties, the IRA by Sinn Fein, the Protestant groups by the Progressive Unionists amongst others.
HISTORY OF THE PEACE PROCESS
The peace process started in the late 1980s when links were developed between the British Government and key members of the Catholic and Protestant communities who were connected to the paramilitary groups. By 1994 these links were sufficiently well developed for talks between Sinn Fein and British officials. Both sides were told that ‘disposal’ of arms would be necessary for full involvement in inter-party talks.
In March 1995 the Washington Principles for entry into substantive negotiations were stated, these were:
- A willingness in principle to decommission progressively;
- A common practical understanding of what decommissioning would actually entail;
- In order to test the practical arrangements and to demonstrate good faith, the actual decommissioning of some arms as a tangible confidence building measure to signal the start of a process.
- The political track – to invite parties for intensive preparatory talks for the proposed all party talks, and
- The decommissioning track – to establish an international body to oversee the decommissioning issue.
The International Body (“the Mitchell Commission”) held a series of meetings. It found that each side had concerns which deserved to be understood and addressed by the other side:
- Those who insist on prior decommissioning need to be reassured that the commitment of others to peaceful and democratic means is genuine and irreversible.
- Reassurance for those giving up weapons that the process is genuinely inclusive and meaningful.
- That decommissioning take place alongside all-party negotiations, rather than unrealistically rushing it.
- To democratic and exclusively peaceful means of resolving political issues.
- To the total decommissioning of all paramilitary organisations.
- To agree that decommissioning must be verifiable to the satisfaction of an independent commission.
- To renounce for themselves, and to oppose any effort by others, to use force, or threaten to use force, to influence the course or the outcome of all-party negotiations.
- To agree to abide by the terms of agreement reached in all-party negotiations and to resort to democratic and exclusively peaceful methods in trying to alter any outcome with which they disagree.
- To urge that “punishment” killings and beatings stop and to take effective steps to prevent such actions.
THE RESULTS
In September 2005, The Commission published its final report on acts of IRA decommissioning. It was “…satisfied that the arms decommissioned represent the totality of the IRA’s arsenal”. The Protestant paramilitaries finally decommissioned their weapons in January 2010, also confirmed by independent observers.
Today Sinn Fein and the Protestant Democratic Unionist Party share power in Northern Ireland’s government.
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